Teacher Education: Challenges and Uncertainties From University Onwards

This study investigates the challenges and uncertainties that shape teacher education from university onwards, highlighting how these aspects impact teaching practice and the integration of innovative pedagogical approaches. The central objective was to analyze the extent to which initial and continuing education are articulated—or distanced—from the demands imposed by schools in the digital era. The research adopted an integrative literature review, organized into the stages of identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion of studies, ensuring systematicity and transparency throughout the process. The results reveal structural weaknesses in undergraduate teaching programs, the prevalence of poorly contextualized continuing education initiatives, and persistent barriers to the incorporation of digital technologies into teaching. The analysis shows that, although progress has been made, there remains a gap between what universities provide and the requirements of professional teaching practice. It is concluded that overcoming these barriers requires more coherent curricula, permanent education policies, and pedagogical strategies aligned with digital culture. The implications of this work reinforce the need to rethink teacher education models capable of preparing professionals for a more responsive and integrated practice, thus contributing to the consolidation of quality education.