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January 9, 2026Biology of Sex DifferencesOpen Access

Females have higher brown adipose tissue volume and thermogenic efficiency, influenced by estrogen, compared to males who face increased metabolic risk due to testosterone.

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Key result

Females have higher brown adipose tissue volume and thermogenic efficiency, influenced by estrogen, compared to males who face increased metabolic risk due to testosterone.

Authors

CSChikkamagaluru Gopalakrishna ShashankRMRaga MandaliUWUmesh D. Wankhade

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Overview

This review observes sex-based differences in brown and beige fat's biology, highlighting implications for health.

Key Points

  • To review how sex and hormones influence the biology and function of brown and beige fat in both sexes.
  • Conducted a comprehensive literature review
  • Analyzed studies on hormone effects and fat biology in animals and humans
  • Examined signaling pathways involved in thermogenesis
  • Females have higher brown fat volume and greater thermogenic efficiency compared to males.
  • Estrogen enhances expression of uncoupling protein 1 and promotes beige fat formation.
  • Testosterone and glucocorticoids reduce thermogenic gene expression, increasing metabolic risk in men.

Cite This Study

Shashank et al. (2025) studied this question. Females have higher brown adipose tissue volume and thermogenic efficiency, influenced by estrogen, compared to males who face increased metabolic risk due to testosterone.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69612fd930ef6c21f6853db6https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-025-00787-4
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Also Consider

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  1. 1Functional Complexity of Thermogenic Adipose Tissue: From Thermogenesis to Metabolic and Fibroinflammatory Crosstalk2025 · 9 citations
  2. 2Thermogenic adipose tissue as a therapeutic target: from human heterogeneity to pharmacological translation2026
  3. 3Energy Restriction and Adipose Tissue Remodeling: From Inflammation to Thermogenesis2025 · 1 citations
  4. 4The impact of dietary factors on the function of brown and beige adipose tissues—implications on health and disease2025 · 1 citations
  5. 5Sex Disparities in Obesity: A Comprehensive Review of Hormonal and Genetic Influences on Obesity‐Related Phenotypes2025