Potential benefits of vitamin D on brain pathologies and cognitive function in metabolic syndrome: evidence from

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a global health issue linked to cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cognitive impairment. Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress associated with MetS condition contribute to cognitive decline, highlighting the need for therapeutic strategies to mitigate these complications. Vitamin D, a fat-soluble vitamin, plays a crucial role in physiological functions. Recent researches have highlighted the neuroprotective roles of vitamin D in several pathological conditions. Therefore, this review aims to summarize and discuss evidence from in vivo and clinical studies on the effects of vitamin D on brain pathologies and cognitive function in the context of MetS condition. We searched articles published only in English, on PubMed Central from January 2000 to December 2023 using the following keywords: 1) "vitamin D", "metabolic syndrome", "brain"; 2) "vitamin D", "metabolic syndrome", "cognition"; 3) "vitamin D", "obesity", "cognition"; 4) "vitamin D", "obesity", "brain"; 5) "vitamin D", "hyperglycemia", "brain"; and 6) "vitamin D", "dyslipidemia", "brain", 7) "vitamin D", "T2DM", "brain"; and 8) "vitamin D", "T2DM", "cognition". Vitamin D treatment in animals with the MetS condition attenuated metabolic disturbances including inflammation, oxidation, hyperglycemia, obesity, and insulin resistance, and ameliorated cognitive dysfunction, suggesting the beneficial effects of vitamin D in the MetS condition. All the evidence indicates that vitamin D may be a potential therapeutic option to reduce cognitive dysfunction caused by metabolic syndrome.