How do generative artificial intelligence (AI) tools and large language models (LLMs) influence language learners’ critical thinking in EFL education? A systematic review

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Systematic review shows generative AI tools and LLMs influence critical thinking in EFL education, suggesting careful integration is needed.

Generative AI tools and LLMs can enhance or hinder critical thinking in EFL education.
66.67% of analyzed studies indicate a positive impact of AI tools on critical thinking.
Research incorporated 15 studies using the PRISMA framework to evaluate AI's effects.
Identified limitations include generative AI reliability and need for responsible pedagogical integration.

Liu et al. (2025) studied this question.

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Systematic review shows generative AI tools and LLMs influence critical thinking in EFL education, suggesting careful integration is needed.