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July 26, 2026BiomedicinesOpen Access

Phenotypic Evolution, Clinical Subtypes, and Independent Predictors of Long COVID: A Retrospective Cohort Study

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Authors

LDLanre Peter DaoduYRYogini RasteJAJudith Allgrove

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Overview

Retrospective cohort study identifies clinical subtypes and independent risk factors for long COVID, highlighting implications for treatment.

Key Points

  • This study aims to characterize the clinical subtypes and independent predictors of long COVID in hospitalized individuals.
  • Conducted a single-centre, retrospective cohort study at a university hospital in London.
  • Analyzed 627 adults hospitalized with acute COVID-19 between February 2020 and December 2022.
  • Used multivariable logistic regression and latent class analysis to identify predictors and phenotypes.
  • 252 out of 627 patients (40.2%) met long COVID criteria, with comorbidity burden as the strongest predictor (aOR 4.62, 95% CI 2.36–9.04).
  • Older age (aOR 1.04), disease severity (aOR 1.27 per log-day), and elevated admission fibrinogen (aOR 1.21 per g/L) were significant predictors.
  • A distinct phenotypic shift was observed: systemic fatigue increased from 7.0% to 32.4%, and two phenotypes were identified: fatigue-dominant and multisystem phenotypes.

Cite This Study

Daodu et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a65a890d3aea3239cd78d48https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14081662
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Also Consider

Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context:

  1. 1Symptom Trajectories and Clinical Subtypes in Post–COVID-19 Condition: Systematic Review and Clustering Analysis2025
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  4. 4Long-COVID: Current Understanding and Future Directions2025
  5. 5Follow-up evaluation of long COVID syndrome in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection2025 · 3 citations