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December 8, 2025Journal of Functional Morphology and KinesiologyOpen Access

Dynamics of Preparatory Apneas and Their Influence on Maximal Dry Static Apnea in Breath-Hold Divers

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Authors

ALAndrew T. LoveringJDJoseph W. Duke

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Overview

Physiological assessment shows preconditioning with preparatory apneas may improve oxygen consumption during breath-holds.

Key Points

  • To explore the impact of preparatory apneas on the duration of maximal dry static apnea in trained breath-hold divers.
  • Measured diaphragm activity using transdiaphragmatic pressure and electromyographic activity.
  • Assessed the effects of preparatory apneas at functional residual capacity and their relationship with maximal apneas.
  • Quantified involuntary breathing movements during different apnea phases.
  • Preparatory apnea increased diaphragmatic pressure significantly compared to maximal apneas.
  • A correlation was observed between preparatory apnea Pdia increase and longer maximal apnea durations.
  • Results suggest that preparatory apneas can enhance subsequent breath-hold performance.

Cite This Study

Lovering et al. (2025) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/693624ce4fa91c937236cdechttps://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10040471
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Also Consider

Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context:

  1. 1Reduction in respiratory muscle strength following a series of preparatory and maximal static, dry breath-holds2025
  2. 2Systemic and regional hemodynamic and (de)oxygenation responses across repeated breath-holds2025 · 6 citations
  3. 3Differential Cardiac and Peripheral Vascular Low-Frequency Oscillation Responses to Voluntary Breath-Hold2026
  4. 4Alterations in diaphragmatic activity preceding and during intermittent hypoxaemia events in preterm infants2025
  5. 5Effects of a Four-Week Combined Respiratory Muscle Training and Breathing Exercise Program on Breath-Holding Time, Functional Performance, Sleep Quality, and Perceived Stress in Healthy University Students2026