δ‐Bismuth Oxide Responsible for Tooth Discolouration—A Laboratory Investigation

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Investigation reveals tooth discolouration from bismuth oxide and sodium hypochlorite, suggesting dental material bans.

Tooth discolouration is caused by the interaction of sodium hypochlorite with bismuth oxide, leading to microstructural changes.
Mass changes of 5%–10% and colour variations, including yellow bismuth oxide formation, were observed during thermographic analysis.
The study used infrared spectroscopy and other techniques over 24 weeks to assess phase changes at various temperatures.
Clinical guidance may need revision to exclude the use of bismuth oxide in dental applications because of unforeseen instability.

Paul Zaslansky (2025) studied this question.

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