Investigating the Nexus between Financial Liberalization, Urbanization, Ecological Footprints, and Institutional Quality

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Ecological footprints increased with financial liberalization and institutional quality—highlighting significant environmental concerns.
The analysis revealed a rise in ecological footprints due to financial liberalization, affecting sustainability goals.
This assessment used data from 160 nations from 2001 to 2021, employing the Generalized Method of Moments for analysis.
Findings suggest a need for policy adjustments, as urbanization can reduce environmental decline while supporting financial initiatives.

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Analysis shows financial liberalization raises ecological footprints in 160 nations, indicating a need for effective policies.

Komal Ashfaq (2025) studied this question.

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