Exploring the Disciplinary State: The Pace and Pattern of ‘Getting Tough’ in Denmark, Germany and the United Kingdom Since 1990

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Analysis reveals legislative shifts towards a disciplinary state in Denmark, Germany, and the UK, highlighting political influences.

Disciplinary trends have emerged in Denmark, Germany, and the UK since 1990, showing varied intensity.
The analysis illustrates that while the UK underwent a significant punitive turn, Denmark focused more on benefit conditionalities.
Qualitative and quantitative data on legislative change since the 1990s were utilized to examine the political dynamics behind the disciplinary state.
The findings suggest that specific party system constellations impact the nature of disciplinary reforms in these democracies.

Starke et al. (2025) studied this question.

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