Malaysia’s Healthcare Expenditure: ARDL Bound Test

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Healthcare expenditure positively relates to income level and education expenditure, highlighting economic impacts.
Findings indicate an income elasticity value of 0.690, underscoring the necessity of healthcare funding.
The study utilizes the ARDL Bound test to analyze data covering the period from 1997 to 2017 in Malaysia.
Ageing population negatively influences healthcare expenditure, suggesting specific demographic challenges may arise.

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ARDL Bound test reveals long-run relationships of income, education expenditure, and inflation with healthcare costs in Malaysia.

Nasir et al. (2021) studied this question.

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