Reproduction rate of Holstein cows and its dependence on herd age structure

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Analysis indicates that service period correlates with milk yield in Holstein cows, highlighting age effects.

The reproduction rate of Holstein cows is negatively influenced by age variability, particularly in younger individuals.
Key fertility indicators, including service period and interbody period, show longer durations during the first two lactations.
Statistical analysis revealed a positive correlation between milk yield and service period, decreasing as cows age.
A significant portion of cows require multiple inseminations for successful fertilization, indicating potential reproductive challenges.

В. М. Гукежев (2025) studied this question.

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