Age dynamics of milk productivity of cows of Holstein breed

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Observational analysis found changes in milk yield across lactation stages in Holstein cows, indicating age impacts productivity.

Milk yield increases until mature lactation and gradually decreases thereafter, stabilizing up to the 7th lactation.
Cows up to the 9th lactation met breed standards for protein content, while older cows showed decreased compliance.
Longer lactation duration increases milk yield per lactation but reduces overall industry efficiency.
Fat content in milk exceeded standards with age, showing an increase, while protein yields varied based on lactation stages.

Kostomakhin et al. (2025) studied this question.

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