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July 19, 2026BiologyOpen Access

Sex-Dependent Brain Plasticity in Neurological Disease: From Biological Variability to Adaptive, Compensatory, and Maladaptive Trajectories

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Authors

AAAlessandro AvitabileDRDario RuscianoRARoberta Amato

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Overview

Narrative review examines how brain plasticity varies by sex, impacting neurological diseases and therapies.

Key Points

  • This review aims to explore sex-dependent brain plasticity and its implications for neurological diseases.
  • Narrative review of existing literature on brain plasticity and biological variability across sexes.
  • Evaluation of various mechanisms, such as neuroimmune and epigenetic factors, related to brain plasticity.
  • Analysis of clinical examples including disorders like Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.
  • Identified four outcomes of brain plasticity: reparative, compensatory, insufficient, and maladaptive.
  • Noted strong evidence for sex-dependent effects in certain plasticity mechanisms, while others showed inconsistent results.
  • Proposed that interventions should be tailored to individual adaptive states rather than just enhancing plasticity.

Cite This Study

Avitabile et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a5c6aa1118b92953e3ee973https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15141176
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