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July 16, 2026BMC Public HealthOpen Access

Primary school education or less is linked to ~79% higher odds of hypertension versus college.

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Why the study?

Is lower socioeconomic status associated with differences in hypertension prevalence and management in adults?

Population

231,584 adults and 228,608 adults from the 2023 Korea Community Health Survey

Comparison

Lower socioeconomic status vs Higher socioeconomic status

Design

Cross-sectional

Key result

Primary school education or less was associated with higher odds of diagnosed hypertension (OR 1.79; 95% CI 1.71-1.88) compared to a college degree or higher.

Authors

EKEunji KimHLHokyou LeeYJYunJae Jung

Discussion

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Overview

Lower education associated with higher hypertension odds; hypothesis-generating for targeted strategies, requires prospective confirmation.

Key Points

  • This study investigates the relationship between socioeconomic status and hypertension-related outcomes in Korea.
  • Nationwide cross-sectional study using data from the 2023 Korea Community Health Survey with 231,584 adults for education analysis and 228,608 for income analysis.
  • Analyzed hypertension-related outcomes including diagnosed hypertension, pharmacotherapy, lifestyle modification, and self-management education.
  • Conducted multivariable logistic regression analyses adjusting for potential confounders.
  • Prevalence of diagnosed hypertension was 31.3%.
  • Among those with hypertension, pharmacotherapy rate was 95.9%, lifestyle modification at 23.8%, and self-management education at 15.5%.
  • Participants with primary education had higher odds of diagnosed hypertension (OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.71–1.88) and pharmacotherapy (OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.67–2.50), but lower odds of lifestyle modification (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.43–0.50) and self-management education (OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.31–0.38).

Study Design

Type

Cross-Sectional (n=231,584)

Structured PICO

Is lower socioeconomic status associated with differences in hypertension prevalence and management in adults?

P
Population
231,584 adults from the 2023 Korea Community Health Survey analyzed for associations between socioeconomic status and hypertension-related outcomes.
E
Exposure
Lower socioeconomic status (primary school education or less, lower household income)
C
Comparator
Higher socioeconomic status (college degree or higher, higher household income)
O
Outcome
Diagnosed hypertension, pharmacotherapy use, lifestyle modification engagement, and receiving self-management education

Main Result

Odds Ratio: 1.79 (95% CI 1.71–1.88)

Lower socioeconomic status is associated with higher hypertension prevalence and pharmacotherapy use, but significantly lower engagement in lifestyle modifications and self-management education.

Cite This Study

Kim et al. (2026) conducted a cross-sectional in Hypertension (n=231,584). Primary school education or less (lower socioeconomic status) vs. College degree or higher was evaluated on Diagnosed hypertension (OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.71-1.88). Primary school education or less was associated with higher odds of diagnosed hypertension (OR 1.79; 95% CI 1.71-1.88) compared to a college degree or higher.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a58773f2b46c88ba9ad200bhttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-28502-x
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Also Consider

Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context:

  1. 1Bridging the Knowledge–Practice Gap in Hypertension Management: A Community-Engaged Systems Approach in Disadvantaged Rural Community2026
  2. 2Health Literacy and its Association with Prehypertension: Insights from the 2023 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (Preprint)2025
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  5. 5Impact of Key Lifestyle Behaviors on Hypertension Control: Implications for Optimizing Patient Management2025 · 4 citations