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June 12, 2026European Journal of Preventive CardiologyOpen Access

There was no statistically significant difference in CVD prevalence across smoking categories (p = 0.49), and multivariable models showed no overall statistically significant association between smoking and CVD.

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Why the study?

Is smoking associated with an increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease in a Trinidad and Tobago cohort?

Population

829 participants from the Eastern Caribbean Health Outcomes Research Network cohort study in Trinidad and…

Comparison

Smoking (current or former) vs Non-smoking

Design

Cross-sectional

Authors

SRS RamkhelawanAJA JosephRCR Clarke

Discussion

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Overview

No association between smoking and CVD detected; leaves open longitudinal assessment of regional risk factors.

Key Points

  • To assess the prevalence of smoking and its association with cardiovascular disease in Trinidad and Tobago.
  • Analyzed baseline data from the Eastern Caribbean Health Outcomes Research Network cohort study with 829 participants.
  • Categorized smoking status as current, former, or non-smoker and CVD status based on self-reported diagnoses.
  • Used Pearson’s chi-squared test and multivariable logistic regression models to evaluate associations.
  • Overall prevalence of cardiovascular disease was 9.6%, with rates of 8.8% among non-smokers, 11.8% among former smokers, and 10.0% among current smokers.
  • No statistically significant association between smoking and CVD was found (p = 0.49).
  • Age and moderate physical activity were identified as significant factors related to CVD.

Structured PICO

Is smoking associated with an increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease in a Trinidad and Tobago cohort?

P
Population
829 participants from the Eastern Caribbean Health Outcomes Research Network (ECHORN) cohort study in Trinidad and Tobago, 61.5% female and 38.5% male.
I
Intervention
Smoking (current or former)
C
Comparator
Non-smoking
O
Outcome
Prevalence of cardiovascular disease (self-reported prior medical diagnosis of coronary heart disease, angina, myocardial infarction, heart failure or stroke)composite

In a Trinidad and Tobago cohort, smoking was not significantly associated with self-reported cardiovascular disease, suggesting other context-specific factors may be more prominent drivers of CVD risk in this population.

Cite This Study

Ramkhelawan et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a2bd1386550ea4541ffe94ehttps://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwag249.124
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Also Consider

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  1. 1Elevated cardiovascular risk factors and chronic disease mortality in the Caribbean: A Cross-Sectional Study2025 · 1 citations
  2. 2Association of Heavy Smoking With High Body Mass Index and Cardiovascular Risk Score in Japan2025 · 1 citations
  3. 3Association Between Smoking and Stroke: A Retrospective Study Using the 2022 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) Data2025
  4. 4Abstract A154: Trends and predictors of cigarette smoking in Guam: Analysis of 2011–2023 BRFSS data2025
  5. 5Smoking, smoking cessation, and cardiovascular and all-cause death risk (a 34-year cohort prospective study)2025