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June 12, 2026European Journal of Preventive Cardiology

Systolic blood pressure was significantly higher in IWS-Mod compared to IWS-Low at both Set 1 (180 vs. 157 mmHg; p < 0.01) and Set 2 (196 vs. 162 mmHg; p < 0.01).

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Why the study?

Does moderate-intensity isometric wall squat compared to low-intensity isometric wall squat affect hemodynamic responses in patients with coronary artery disease?

Population

12 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), median age 68.5 years, 83% male.

Comparison

Isometric wall squat at 115° knee angle… vs Isometric wall squat at 135° knee angle…

Design

RCT, Randomized crossover (random order of modalities)

Follow-up

Immediate (during exercise bouts)

Authors

TST SchmidtLRL RiemerCVC Vikoler

Discussion

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Overview

Greater SBP rises with moderate-intensity wall squats warrant caution in CAD; leaves open optimal isometric dosing for rehab.

Key Points

  • This research aims to compare hemodynamic responses to two intensities of isometric wall squat training in patients with coronary artery disease.
  • Prospective, randomized crossover trial with patients participating in isometric wall squats at 135° and 115° knee angles.
  • Each activity consisted of two 90-second bouts with 2-minute rests and a minimum 30-minute washout period.
  • Continuous, non-invasive hemodynamic measurements were taken.
  • Systolic blood pressure significantly increased in both training conditions with both intensity levels yielding substantial responses.
  • In IWS-Low, SBP rose from 132 mmHg (baseline) to 162 mmHg (Set 2) with p < 0.01.
  • In IWS-Mod, SBP increased from 129 mmHg (baseline) to 196 mmHg (Set 2) with p < 0.001.

Structured PICO

Does moderate-intensity isometric wall squat compared to low-intensity isometric wall squat affect hemodynamic responses in patients with coronary artery disease?

P
Population
12 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), median age 68.5 years, 83% male.
I
Intervention
Isometric wall squat (IWS) at 115° knee angle (IWS-Mod), comprising two 90-second bouts with 2-minute rests.
C
Comparator
Isometric wall squat (IWS) at 135° knee angle (IWS-Low), comprising two 90-second bouts with 2-minute rests (randomized crossover design with at least 30 minutes washout).
O
Outcome
Hemodynamic responses (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate) continuously and non-invasively recorded during exercise.surrogate

Isometric wall squats are well tolerated in CAD patients but induce substantial, intensity-dependent increases in systolic blood pressure, highlighting the need for careful intensity prescription in cardiac rehabilitation.

Cite This Study

Schmidt et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a2bd11d6550ea4541ffe89fhttps://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwag249.341
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