December 4, 2025PNAS NexusOpen Access

Integrating indoor and outdoor nitrogen dioxide exposures in US homes nationally by ZIP code

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Analysis shows nitrogen dioxide levels in homes are affected by occupant behavior and cooking methods, indicating health risks from gas stoves.

Average residential nitrogen dioxide exposure reaches 10 ppbv for gas stove owners, highlighting significant indoor pollution.
About 22 million people's NO2 exposure falls below WHO guidelines if gas cooking reduces or ceases, suggesting a possible health benefit.
Estimations based on a comprehensive approach of outdoor and indoor nitrogen dioxide sources across 15 cities ensure broad representation.
Gas stoves account for over 99% of exceedances in WHO's air quality guideline, stressing their impact on residential air quality.

Kashtan et al. (2025) studied this question.

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Analysis shows nitrogen dioxide levels in homes are affected by occupant behavior and cooking methods, indicating health risks from gas stoves.