A Meta‐Analysis on Stereotype Threat and Consumer‐Related Outcomes: Reconciling Evidence by Advancing Theory

This meta‐analysis examines whether stereotype threat (ST) influences consumer‐related outcomes—domains traditionally excluded from performance‐based ST research. Drawing on 247 effects from 83 experimental studies ( N = 11,683), we found a marginal to small overall effect when comparing ST conditions to control groups. Significant effects emerged across several psychological variables, suggesting ST leads to identity‐protective responses (e.g., domain distancing, group distancing, intention, and interest). We observed no effects in reactions to actual engagement with tasks or domains (e.g., effort, negative task evaluation, and perceived performance). Moderator analyses indicated that the overall ST effect was stronger in studies published in higher H‐Index journals and those using text‐based manipulations or individual‐level randomization. The effect was weaker in individualistic cultures, when manipulations were blatant, or when based on question or question order manipulations. The effect extended to most groups, except for adult men and those we defined as other ethnic minorities. These findings challenge ST's assumed generalizability, highlighting its mechanisms and the influence of cultural elements. We discuss theoretical, methodological, and practical implications for psychology and marketing, highlighting directions for future research on identity‐based consumer experiences.