October 12, 2025E3S Web of ConferencesOpen Access

Types of Materials Used as Media in Biofilter Reactors and How Effective in Removing Biological and Chemical Oxygen Demand in Wastewater: A Systematic Review

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Biofiltration can reduce biological and chemical oxygen demand in wastewater effectively.
Average reduction of 90% or higher in biological and chemical oxygen demand was observed with certain media.
Media selection, contact area, and biofilm attachment significantly influence biofilter performance.
Sand, gravel, and coarse media emerged as the most effective options for wastewater treatment.

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Systematic review assesses how different media impact biological and chemical oxygen demand reduction in wastewater.

Muliyadi et al. (2025) studied this question.

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