Lost learning: Prevalence, inequalities and outcomes of internal exclusion in mainstream secondary schools

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8.3% of pupils reported being internally excluded weekly, impacting school belonging and relationships.
School-level factors explained 6% of internal exclusion probability, with higher suspension rates linked to more exclusions.
Older pupils and marginalized groups like LGBTQ+ youth faced higher rates of internal exclusion in mainstream schools.
Isolation led to negative effects in school belonging (d = −0.15) and relationships (d = −0.18), especially among girls.

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Analysis reports high rates of internal exclusion in schools, highlighting inequalities and adverse outcomes.

Thornton et al. (2025) studied this question.

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