Fructooligosaccharides and immune health: immunomodulatory effects via gut microbiota and direct molecular mechanisms

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Fructooligosaccharides improve immune health by promoting beneficial gut bacteria and their metabolites.
FOS can directly influence immune cells, modulating responses by interacting with carbohydrate-binding receptors.
Evidence supports FOS's role in suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine production and inducing immune tolerance.
Identifying knowledge gaps will aid future research on FOS applications in various disease settings.

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This review discusses how fructooligosaccharides enhance immune health via gut microbiota and direct immunomodulatory roles.

Yap et al. (2025) studied this question.

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