Heavy metals in water and sediment of Way Ratai River due to small-scale gold mining activities in Pesawaran Regency, Lampung Province (Part II: zinc, copper, cadmium, iron, and manganese)

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Sediment concentrations of heavy metals, including zinc at 702.62 ppm and iron at 2,954.72 ppm, exceeded regional thresholds.
Integrated geospatial assessment utilized ArcGIS to identify contamination hotspots in the Way Ratai River and sediment.
Queensland analysis revealed cadmium and copper levels below detection limits in river water, while sediment was significantly impacted.
Findings highlight the necessity for waste-management protocols to alleviate heavy-metal impacts on ecosystems and human health.

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Geospatial assessment reveals heavy metal contamination in water, indicating urgent waste management needs.

Istighfara et al. (2025) studied this question.

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