Rethinking the drivers of secessionist agitations (Biafra) in Nigeria and their implications for national unity and security

Socio-political instability and ethno-cultural conflicts have brought severe destructions on human societies, including Nigeria. Despite various political and non-political measures geared toward tackling Nigeria’s socio-political and ethnic challenges, the country continues to grapple with these persistent issues, fuelling calls for self-determination among some ethnic groups. Consequently, leveraging extant literature, this paper critically examines the underlying factors sustaining persistent secessionist agitations in Nigeria and their associated challenges. It critically assesses the approaches adopted by past and present administrations in Nigeria toward secessionist agitations, with a brief review of the effects of ethno-political tensions on the country’s national unity and security. Anchored on the framework of Frustration-Aggression theory, the paper criticises the evocation of force by the government in suppressing secessionist agitations and their agitators, especially unarmed agitators. The study recommends, inter alia, a comprehensive redefinition and redesign of Nigeria’s federalism, along with the elimination of all forms of ethnic domination. This would ensure the protection of the rights and interests of all ethnic groups, particularly the three major ones.