Assessment of the Efficiency of Locally Used Coagulants in the Treatment of Domestic Wastewater in Swat

Untreated wastewater is a significant global problem, with more than 80% being released untreated, which is the cause of health and environmental risks. In areas such as Swat, Pakistan, total dependence on costly imported chemical coagulants such as alum and ferric salts results in low sewage treatment, causing extreme pollution. This research explores the effectiveness of domestically available Moringa oleifera seed powder as a natural coagulant for municipal wastewater in Swat. Grab samples taken every week from five locations were tested for the important parameters (pH, turbidity, COD, BOD5, TSS, and TDS). Laboratory-scale jar tests tested Moringa doses (25–150 mg/L). Findings indicate that an optimal dose of 250 mg/L resulted in a maximum reduction of turbidity by 87%, COD by 67%, and BOD5 by 65% and produced biodegradable sludge that could be composted. Results indicate that Moringa oleifera is an environmentally friendly and cost-effective coagulant alternative to traditional coagulants, contributing to the achievement of SDG 6 and SDG 12 goals for sustainable wastewater management in developing countries.