October 1, 2025

Removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions using carbon materials from waste biomass: A review

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Heavy metal ions are effectively removed from solutions using carbon materials derived from waste biomass.
Numerous studies indicate that biochar is generally more efficient for removing metals like Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺.
Biochar and hydrochar utilize different mechanisms such as complexation and ion exchange to achieve pollutant removal.
Future research should focus on optimizing and classifying carbon materials based on their intended applications.

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This review presents key properties of biochar and hydrochar for heavy metal ion removal, suggesting future research directions.

Koprivica et al. (2025) studied this question.

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