Dynamic Effect of CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, and Trade Openness, on Economic Growth: Evidence from Emerging Countries Using Panel Data Analysis

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CO2 emissions and renewable energy consumption positively influence economic growth in emerging countries.
Long-run results show trade openness, exports, and labor force participation also enhance GDP growth markedly.
The study utilized panel ARDL methods alongside FMOLS and DOLS to assess short and long-run impacts.
Findings highlight the necessity of policies promoting sustainable development through increased renewable energy and exports.

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Panel data analysis reveals CO2 emissions and renewable energy consumption positively influence economic growth.

Zafar et al. (2025) studied this question.

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