Optimization of Grid-tied Photovoltaic Tilt and Azimuth Angles for a Residential and Commercial Building Considering Fixed And Bi-Annual Orientation With Constant or Varying Import and Export Tariffs

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Results show a maximum savings difference of 2.45% annually and 3.12% biannually between energy and savings-oriented panels.
When export value is absent, optimum orientation focuses on peak hour energy collection, optimizing savings for building owners.
Investigation included four US cities and three tariff plans, utilizing PVWatts API to analyze annual and biannual panel orientations.
Commercial buildings exhibit a revenue orientation closer to energy optimization, indicating varying strategies are crucial for different sectors.

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This analysis reveals optimal photovoltaic orientation based on energy and savings for buildings, highlighting tariff impacts.

Brenner et al. (2025) studied this question.

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