Phenotypic and Genotypic Resistance Patterns to Anti-microbial Biocides in Escherichia coli Isolates in Ardabil, Iran 2021 - 2023

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This study evaluates antimicrobial biocide resistance in Escherichia coli isolates, indicating significant resistance implications.

High antimicrobial resistance to biocides was observed in Escherichia coli, particularly to formaldehyde and benzalkonium chloride.
The study found a 64 μg/mL MIC90 applying to formaldehyde and benzalkonium chloride, while chlorhexidine and triclosan showed lower values.
PCR tests identified high prevalence of efflux pump-encoding genes, with mdfA at 88.5%, linked to resistance to antimicrobial biocides.
Efflux pump-encoding genes are implicated in enhancing resistance rates, pointing to urgent public health concerns.

Kheljan et al. (2025) studied this question.

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