The Security Logic of Multilingual State Governance: The Evolution and Challenges of Nepal’s Language Policy

This paper discusses the changes in language policies in Nepal, a multilingual nation, and the security logics that underpin language governance, as well as the challenges associated with this. It traces the historical trajectory of the formation of Nepal’s multilingual society and issues regarding language identity, linking this to contours of language policy development at constitutional, educational and local autonomy levels, and showing the inherent tensions between national unity and ethnic identity in language policy. Additionally, the paper suggests that the trend to securitize language has left minority language groups open to marginalization and exclusion, aggravating social tensions and jeopardizing national unity. Nepal’s experience demonstrates that multilingual nations need to balance national unity with respect for linguistic justice in language governance by protecting —rather than excluding— linguistic diversity through institutional innovation and inclusive policies to ensure political coherence and social consolidation. Notably, this article provides important references and considerations for governance practices in multilingual states.