Empirical analysis highlights energy security challenges in China-Russia relations and suggests expansion in renewable energy.
China's Belt and Road Initiative has been influenced by changes in global political and economic factors. After the COVID-19 pandemic, global energy security and food security became new challenges due to the war between Russia and Ukraine. Meanwhile, China's threat theory has expanded which increased potential barriers to trade and reduced the efficiency of global communication and cooperation. These changes the new regional relationship and trade cooperation between China and Russia, and China and the Middle Asian countries. Against this background, this paper discusses the current new opportunities and challenges faced by the BRI and China's development by using empirical research and past market data on energy. Renewable energy development and small and medium-sized enterprises reform and innovation might be effective solutions to provide new growth direction.
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Shijie Bai (2025) studied this question.