SDGs, ESG Risk and Firm Operations--Evidence from S&P 500 Companies

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Analysis reveals strong links between SDGs and ESG risk in S&P 500 firms, highlighting significant impacts on firm operations.

Strong explanatory power of SDGs on esg risk indicates a significant relationship that firms need to consider.
Quality education and life below water both positively affect return on equity, while life on land negatively impacts it.
Zero hunger, industry, innovation and infrastructure, and climate action all demonstrate positive influences on tax to earnings before tax.
This research provides a comprehensive reference for companies planning sustainable development strategies, aiding future decisions.

Ya-lin et al. (2025) studied this question.

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