Ecological Assessment of Nano Micronutrient Composites on Growth Dynamics and Yield Performance of Late-Sown Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Background: The study examines the ecological impact of nano-micronutrient composites on the growth and maturation of late-planted wheat within an agroecological framework. Methods: Experiments conducted using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications and eight treatment combinations, ensured uniform plant populations prior to treatment applications. Significant variations were observed across multiple growth parameters, including tiller density per square meter and dry matter accumulation at 30, 60, 90, and 120 days after sowing (DAS). Results: Notably, the treatment involving RDF + 20 ppm rGO-Fe + rGO-Zn with two foliar sprays at 45 and 60 DAS (T6) exhibited markedly superior growth performance compared to the control and conventional zinc and iron applications. Maximum grain yield (29.2 q/ha) was achieved in T8 (RDF + 20ppm rGO-Fe + rGO-Zn with two sprays at 45 and 60 DAS) whereas straw yield (50.5 q/ha), biological yield (77.1 q/ha), Harvest Index (38.7 %) and Grain Straw ratio (0.6) were found maximum in RDF + 20ppm rGO-Fe + rGO (Reduced Graphene oxide) − Zn with two sprays at 45 and 60 DAS (T6). Conclusion: The application of reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-based iron and zinc nanoparticles significantly improved nutrient uptake and utilization efficiency, leading to enhanced crop vigor and yield. The study underscores the ecological importance of integrating nanotechnology with nutrient management to sustain a healthy and balanced agroecosystem. This research focuses on sustainable agriculture, nanofertilizers, nutrient use efficiency, and ecological impact, which follows the Q16, Q57, and O13 JEL (Journal of Economic Literature) classification.