‘Second Thoughts’: Female Police Officers Trust Themselves Less in Snap Decision-Making

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In simulations, female police officers showed equal decision time but less confidence, highlighting stereotypes in police culture.

Female police officers performed equally to male officers in decision-making time and scenario difficulty.
Despite similar performance, female officers had significantly lower confidence in their decisions compared to male counterparts.
The findings suggest that stereotypes and the masculine-conservative police culture exert pressure on female officers.
The study highlights the need for addressing confidence disparities in police training and support for female officers.

Paramio et al. (2025) studied this question.

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