Smartphone-Based Contingency Management for Patients Who Use Methamphetamine: A Qualitative Analysis of Patient and Clinician Perspectives (Preprint)

BACKGROUND Methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) is a growing public health crisis with limited access to effective treatment. Contingency management (CM) has demonstrated efficacy for stimulant use disorders, but is typically delivered in person. Smartphone-based CM may overcome barriers such as limited access, but its effectiveness and real-world application remain understudied. This study explores patient and clinician experiences with a fully remote, smartphone-based CM intervention for methamphetamine use. OBJECTIVE We analyze qualitative data from interviews with patients and clinicians involved in a previously published single-arm trial in which smartphone-based CM was offered to individuals using methamphetamine through their primary care or specialty addiction treatment clinics within a large health system. We describe key findings and offer actionable insights to optimize digital CM implementation in healthcare. METHODS We conducted a qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews with 14 patients and 14 clinicians from a prior pilot study of a fully remote, smartphone-based CM intervention. Interviews were analyzed using grounded theory in a five-step process: transcript review, codebook development, coding, thematic reduction, and generation of overarching themes. The analysis focused on a priori themes related to facilitators, barriers, and suggestions for improvement. RESULTS Patients and clinicians identified many benefits, viewing the program as valuable for individuals using methamphetamine. Patients appreciated the flexibility, accessibility, and motivational incentives. Clinicians saw CM as a low-risk, evidence-based strategy that could enhance engagement, especially among patients less responsive to traditional approaches. Common challenges included technological issues such as problems with video-based testing, app navigation, and internet access. Patients had mixed views about educational modules and described difficulty with correct substance test procedures and lack of human connection. Clinicians expressed concerns for patients with significant psychosocial instability. Differences emerged in the types of concerns raised: patients focused on day-to-day engagement, while clinicians emphasized broader themes of equity, sustainability, and a preference for models rewarding improvement even without full abstinence. CONCLUSIONS Smartphone-based CM shows promise for addressing MUD, especially in settings lacking traditional treatment access. However, optimizing implementation requires addressing challenges related to technology, accessibility, and equity. Recommendations include integrating CM with clinical infrastructure, expanding rewardable behaviors beyond abstinence, enhancing user experience, and improving technological access. Future research should explore flexible models that incorporate broader recovery goals and strengthen both technical and human support.