Indonesia's Economic Growth: Role of Human Capital, Physical Capital, and Social Infrastructure

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Observational analysis reveals social infrastructure hinders economic growth in Indonesia, suggesting urgent reforms.

Indonesia's economic growth is significantly influenced by human capital, physical capital, and social infrastructure.
Data analysis over 54 years showed that while human and physical capital positively affects GDP, social infrastructure has a detrimental impact.
The study employed an endogenous growth framework and used ordinary least squares estimation on macroeconomic indicators.
The findings highlight the need for governance reforms and investment in social infrastructure to bridge urban and rural gaps.

Agbolosoo et al. (2025) studied this question.

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