September 10, 2025EnergiesOpen Access

Research on Energy Security in the EU from a Trade Perspective: A Historical Analysis from 1991 to 2021

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This analysis examines energy security levels in the EU, focusing on oil and natural gas, highlighting significant disparities across member states.

The study indicates a general downward trend in the EU's energy security pattern from 1991 to 2021, particularly in natural gas security.
Oil security levels are higher than natural gas, showcasing notable geographic disparities among EU member countries.
Natural gas remains a critical but vulnerable element in the EU's energy system amidst global trade shifts.
Policy recommendations aim to enhance the EU's energy security in light of evolving trade dynamics.

Li et al. (2025) studied this question.

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This analysis examines energy security levels in the EU, focusing on oil and natural gas, highlighting significant disparities across member states.