September 10, 2025EnergiesOpen Access

Simulation Analysis of Onshore and Offshore Wind Farms’ Generation Potential for Polish Climatic Conditions

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The 3D spacing variant for onshore wind farms yielded the highest NPV and MNPV values.
Onshore turbines had an average Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 14.5%, compared to 11.9% for offshore.
Offshore wind farms showed capacity factors ranging from 36% to 53%, significantly higher than the 28% to 39% for onshore.
This analysis supports decision making for wind farm layout optimization in alignment with national energy policy.

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Simulation analysis reveals energy performance differences in onshore and offshore wind farms, suggesting optimal turbine spacing.

Kubiak et al. (2025) studied this question.

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