Valorisation assessment of industrial waste in the production of Portland cement by developing predictive models using the response surface method

Sustainable construction that uses waste by-products promotes development and innovation within the construction industry. This trend shows how recycling improves the environment and economy. This research objectives focused on exploring the impact of incorporating by-product waste materials, with a particular emphasis on Cement Kiln Dust (CKD), into Portland cement. The response surface method was employed to develop a model predicting how to enhance the mechanical properties of fresh and hardened cement paste when part of it is replaced with CKD. The pastes were prepared by substituting distinct proportions of cement (e. g., 5, 10, and 15% mass of cement) with cement kiln dust. An experimental program was developed using the Central Composite Design (CCD) methodology to achieve this objective. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was also implemented to investigate the extent to which variables affected the desired characteristics. The most important coefficient of determination (R 2 ) value, which is an impressive 0.9553, provides further evidence that probabilistic models are sufficient to predict how cement paste will react. With a P-value of less than 0.01, the model parameters chosen had a significant effect on the test results at both the initial and final settings, as well as on the material strengths, specifically their compressive and flexural strengths at 7 and 28 days. These results demonstrate the significant effect of the model parameters on the test results, underlining the importance of our research. The practical implications of our findings are significant, as they pave the way for the development of more sustainable building materials.