Challenges in Diagnosis and Risk Factors of Preeclampsia and HELLP Syndrome

Introduction: Preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome are serious complications of pregnancy associated with high rates of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. These conditions pose diagnostic challenges due to the variability of their symptoms and the complexity of risk factors, compromising early identification and appropriate management. Methodology: The study used a literature review. Data analysis prioritised identifying gaps in diagnostic protocols and the relevance of identified risk factors. Results: The results indicated that the absence of specific symptoms in the early stages, such as oedema and mild hypertension, makes it difficult to identify preeclampsia. In addition, HELLP syndrome presents nonspecific symptoms, such as epigastric pain and nausea, which are often confused with other conditions. The variability in diagnostic criteria, especially the absence of proteinuria in some cases, aggravates the problem. Regarding risk factors, the most important are family history, pre-existing conditions such as chronic hypertension and obesity, and individual characteristics, such as advanced maternal age and multiple pregnancy. Conclusion: The complexity of these conditions requires a multidisciplinary and ongoing approach. Preventive strategies, such as the use of low-dose aspirin and calcium supplementation, have been shown to be effective in reducing complications. In addition, improvements in access to diagnostic technologies and the implementation of uniform clinical protocols are essential to reduce the impacts of preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome