The entities enabling scientific fraud at scale are large, resilient, and growing rapidly

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Analysis reveals coordinated fraud activities in scientific publishing, suggesting brokers and paper mills enable growth in fraudulent publications.

Coordinated activities among individuals have led to the publication of retracted papers across various journals.
Brokers facilitate large-scale publication of fraudulent research in targeted journals, raising concerns for scientific integrity.
Not all scientific subfields are equally affected by fraud, indicating a selective targeting of disciplines or journals.
The ability of fraud-enabling entities to evade interventions results in fraudulent publications outpacing legitimate research.

Richardson et al. (2025) studied this question.

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Analysis reveals coordinated fraud activities in scientific publishing, suggesting brokers and paper mills enable growth in fraudulent publications.