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September 10, 2025MedicineOpen Access

Sex hormones and 14 autoimmune diseases: The causal relationship from a bidirectional 2-sample Mendelian randomization study

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Authors

RTRenzhe TangXYXiaoqing YouBYBo Yuan

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Overview

Bidirectional Mendelian randomization shows significant links between sex hormones and autoimmune diseases, implying potential therapeutic pathways.

Key Points

  • Higher levels of total testosterone correlate with reduced risks of ankylosing spondylitis and type 1 diabetes.
  • Analysis showed that higher estradiol levels associate with increased risk for celiac disease, highlighting hormonal impacts on autoimmunity.
  • Mendelian randomization with sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of associations between sex hormones and 14 autoimmune diseases.
  • Findings suggest future research on modulating sex hormone levels may present new treatment options for autoimmune diseases.

Cite This Study

Tang et al. (2025) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/68c23d81b210217d6478e08bhttps://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000044160
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