The impact of depressive symptoms on cognitive function in early old age: A longitudinal fixed-effect study

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Longitudinal fixed-effect study shows depressive symptoms worsen cognitive function, suggesting strong implications for aging adults.

An increase in depressive symptoms significantly declines overall cognitive function in early old age.
The study shows that depressive symptoms are linked to declines in working memory, episodic memory, and verbal fluency.
Using data from over 27,000 adults, fixed-effect models reveal a potentially causal relationship between depression and cognitive function.
The findings suggest that specific symptoms like difficulties concentrating and sleep problems have more significant effects than general sadness.

Nafilyan et al. (2025) studied this question.

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