September 10, 2025Acta NeurochirurgicaOpen Access

Awake surgery with direct electrical stimulation mapping and real-time cognitive monitoring for functionally guided tumor resection: how we do it

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Awake surgery with cognitive monitoring ensures maximal tumor removal while preserving neurocognitive functions.
Success depends on rigorous intraoperative standards and direct electrical stimulation for effective functional mapping.
The asleep–awake–asleep technique offers guidance for safe implementation in various brain tumors.
Personalized functional neurooncology highlights the importance of respecting individual brain organization in surgical practices.

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Awake surgery enables cognitive monitoring during tumor removal, suggesting improved patient outcomes.

Almairac et al. (2025) studied this question.

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