Coenzyme Q10: A Comprehensive Review of Its Roles in Mitochondrial Health and Systemic Function

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a lipid-soluble compound essential for mitochondrial ATP production and cellular antioxidant defence. Present in both oxidized (ubiquinone) and reduced (ubiquinol) forms, it plays a crucial role in energy metabolism and protection against oxidative stress. This review examines CoQ10’s chemical structure, biological functions, and sources, along with key insights into its pharmacokinetics and bioavailability challenges. Clinical research suggests potential benefits of CoQ10 supplementation in cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, metabolic syndrome, and age-related decline. While generally well tolerated, factors such as dosage, formulation, and drug interactions influence its efficacy. Recent advances in delivery systems and emerging applications in immune and skin health are also discussed. By synthesizing current findings, this review highlights the therapeutic potential of CoQ10 and identifies areas for future investigation.