The Complexity of eHealth Architecture: Lessons Learned from Application Use Cases

The rapid evolution of eHealth technologies has revolutionized healthcare, enabling data-driven decision-making and personalized care. Central to this transformation is interoperability, which ensures seamless communication among heterogeneous systems. This paper explores the critical role of interoperability, data management processes, and the use of international standards in enabling integrated healthcare solutions. We present an overview of interoperability dimensions—technical, semantic, and organizational—and align them with data management phases in a concise eHealth architecture. Furthermore, we examine two practical European use cases to demonstrate the extend of the proposed eHealth architecture, involving patients, environments, third parties, and healthcare providers.