Assessing the Physicochemical and Bacteriological Characteristics of Kwaangu Spring Water in Kulani District of Balanga Local Government, Gombe State, Nigeria

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Analysis of water quality reveals high E.coli and Coliform levels in Kwaangu spring water, indicating unsafe conditions for human consumption.

Total Coliform counts reached 36, exceeding safe levels set by NSDWQ.
Concentrations of calcium and magnesium were within permissible limits according to WHO standards.
Objectionable odour, along with high E.coli levels, suggests the water is not safe for consumption.
Regular analysis of water quality from other springs in the district is recommended for public health.

Wanah et al. (2025) studied this question.

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Analysis of water quality reveals high E.coli and Coliform levels in Kwaangu spring water, indicating unsafe conditions for human consumption.