September 10, 2025PLoS ONEOpen Access

Analysis of the quadruple evolutionary game of ecosystem service payment empowered by farmers’ cooperatives

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Analysis reveals farmers cooperatives enhance ecosystem services value and market competitiveness, suggesting effective roles in PES.

The equilibrium strategies highlight the importance of farmers’ cooperatives in producing ecological products, enhancing their market role.
Numerical simulations demonstrate effective strategies among four stakeholders, indicating potential for successful ecosystem services integration.
A game model shows that all directions of system evolution lead to cooperatives focusing on ecological product production for value realization.
The study underscores the role of cooperative participation in improving PES mechanisms and boosting the overall market competitiveness.

Huimin et al. (2025) studied this question.

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