You're the One Whom I'm Talking To: The Role of Contextual External Human-Machine Interfaces in Multi-Road User Conflict Scenarios

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Observational analysis reveals enhanced crossing performance in mixed-traffic environments, indicating contextual eHMIs can improve safety.

Contextual eHMIs significantly improve crossing performance and perceived safety among road users involved with AVs.
Participants reported enhanced feelings of trust and clarity when guided by contextual information during interactions.
Using a virtual reality simulation, 42 participants representing three user groups made crossing decisions involving AVs.
These findings highlight the value of context-based eHMIs for safer interactions in a mixed-traffic setting.

Kang et al. (2025) studied this question.

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Observational analysis reveals enhanced crossing performance in mixed-traffic environments, indicating contextual eHMIs can improve safety.