Legal Sanction Application against Perpetrators of Verbal Sexual Harassment (Catcalling) in Indonesia

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Empirical study reveals legal distinctions for catcalling in Indonesia, suggesting improvements in sanctions.

Legal formulation for sanctions against verbal sexual harassment has progressed under Law Number 12 of 2022.
Catcalling, a form of verbal sexual harassment, dehumanizes victims and affects their psychological well-being.
Empirical normative research indicates a need for enhanced capacities of law enforcers in addressing catcalling.
Improving legal sanctions requires integration of non-criminal measures and better public education campaigns.

Djafar et al. (2025) studied this question.

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