September 5, 2025WaterOpen Access

Spatial Variability and Health Implications of Heavy Metals in Wadi Al-Hamd’s Groundwater: A Multivariate and Risk-Based Approach

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This analysis evaluates heavy metal pollution and health risks in groundwater, highlighting risks in children and implications for management.

Health risk assessment indicates negligible non-carcinogenic risks for adults, but children face higher exposure.
Arsenic levels reached 5.02 µg/L in localized samples, nearing WHO guidelines and highlighting safety concerns.
The heavy metal pollution index (HPI) ranged from 0.15 to 10.07, indicating overall low pollution but localized problems.
Geogenic weathering primarily influences heavy metal concentrations, particularly arsenic and nickel, necessitating targeted management.

Alharbi et al. (2025) studied this question.

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This analysis evaluates heavy metal pollution and health risks in groundwater, highlighting risks in children and implications for management.